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Best DNS: The Best Free DNS Servers提供最好最全的免费DNSrDI免费翻墙网
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Providers Primary DNS Secondary DNS Server LocationrDI免费翻墙网
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OpenDNS 208.67.222.222 208.67.220.220 San Antonio, Texas, USArDI免费翻墙网
Level3 209.244.0.3 209.244.0.4 Diamond Bar, California, USArDI免费翻墙网
DNS Advantage 156.154.70.1 156.154.71.1 Sterling, Virginia, USArDI免费翻墙网
Verizon 4.2.2.1 4.2.2.2 Routing to nearest Level3 nodesrDI免费翻墙网
SmartViper 208.76.50.50 208.76.51.51 Birminghan, Alabama & Tampa, Florida USArDI免费翻墙网
Google 8.8.8.8 8.8.4.4 rDI免费翻墙网
DNS.WATCH 84.200.69.80 84.200.70.40 rDI免费翻墙网
Comodo Secure DNS 8.26.56.26 8.20.247.20 rDI免费翻墙网
OpenDNS Home 208.67.222.222 208.67.220.220 rDI免费翻墙网
DNS Advantage 156.154.70.1 156.154.71.1 rDI免费翻墙网
Norton ConnectSafe 199.85.126.10 199.85.127.10 rDI免费翻墙网
GreenTeamDNS 81.218.119.11 209.88.198.133 rDI免费翻墙网
SafeDNS 195.46.39.39 195.46.39.40 rDI免费翻墙网
OpenNIC 107.150.40.234 50.116.23.211 rDI免费翻墙网
Dyn 216.146.35.35 216.146.36.36 rDI免费翻墙网
FreeDNS 37.235.1.174 37.235.1.177 rDI免费翻墙网
censurfridns.dk 89.233.43.71 91.239.100.100 rDI免费翻墙网
Hurricane Electric 74.82.42.42 rDI免费翻墙网
puntCAT 109.69.8.51 rDI免费翻墙网
FoeBuD e.V. 85.214.73.63 DeutschlandrDI免费翻墙网
German Privacy Foundation e.V. 87.118.100.175 DeutschlandrDI免费翻墙网
German Privacy Foundation e.V. 94.75.228.29 DeutschlandrDI免费翻墙网
German Privacy Foundation e.V. 85.25.251.254 DeutschlandrDI免费翻墙网
German Privacy Foundation e.V. 62.141.58.13 DeutschlandrDI免费翻墙网
Chaos Computer Club Berlin 213.73.91.35 DeutschlandrDI免费翻墙网
ClaraNet 212.82.225.7 DeutschlandrDI免费翻墙网
ClaraNet 212.82.226.212 DeutschlandrDI免费翻墙网
OpenDNS 208.67.222.222 USArDI免费翻墙网
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OpenNIC 58.6.115.42 AustralienrDI免费翻墙网
OpenNIC 58.6.115.43 AustralienrDI免费翻墙网
OpenNIC 119.31.230.42 AustralienrDI免费翻墙网
OpenNIC 200.252.98.162 BrasilienrDI免费翻墙网
OpenNIC 217.79.186.148 DeutschlandrDI免费翻墙网
OpenNIC 81.89.98.6 DeutschlandrDI免费翻墙网
OpenNIC 78.159.101.37 DeutschlandrDI免费翻墙网
OpenNIC 203.167.220.153 NeuseelandrDI免费翻墙网
OpenNIC 82.229.244.191 FrankreichrDI免费翻墙网
OpenNIC 82.229.244.191 TschechienrDI免费翻墙网
OpenNIC 216.87.84.211 USArDI免费翻墙网
OpenNIC USArDI免费翻墙网
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OpenNIC 66.244.95.20 USArDI免费翻墙网
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OpenNIC 207.192.69.155 USArDI免费翻墙网
OpenNIC 72.14.189.120 USArDI免费翻墙网
DNS Advantage 156.154.70.1 USArDI免费翻墙网
DNS Advantage 156.154.71.1 USArDI免费翻墙网
Comodo Secure DNS 156.154.70.22 USArDI免费翻墙网
Comodo Secure DNS 156.154.71.22 USArDI免费翻墙网
PowerNS 194.145.226.26 DeutschlandrDI免费翻墙网
PowerNS 77.220.232.44 DeutschlandrDI免费翻墙网
ValiDOM 78.46.89.147 DeutschlandrDI免费翻墙网
ValiDOM 88.198.75.145 DeutschlandrDI免费翻墙网
JSC Marketing 216.129.251.13 USArDI免费翻墙网
JSC Marketing 66.109.128.213 USArDI免费翻墙网
Cisco Systems 171.70.168.183 USArDI免费翻墙网
Cisco Systems 171.69.2.133 USArDI免费翻墙网
Cisco Systems 128.107.241.185 USArDI免费翻墙网
Cisco Systems 64.102.255.44 USArDI免费翻墙网
DNSBOX 85.25.149.144 DeutschlandrDI免费翻墙网
DNSBOX 87.106.37.196 DeutschlandrDI免费翻墙网
Christoph Hochstätter 209.59.210.167 USArDI免费翻墙网
Christoph Hochstätter 85.214.117.11 DeutschlandrDI免费翻墙网
privat 83.243.5.253 DeutschlandrDI免费翻墙网
privat 88.198.130.211 DeutschlandrDI免费翻墙网
privat (i-root.cesidio.net, cesidio root included) 92.241.164.86 RußlandrDI免费翻墙网
privat 85.10.211.244 DeutschlandrDI免费翻墙网
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The Domain Name System (DNS) is a hierarchical distributed naming system for some resource, services, or computers on a private network or the web. It links domain names assigned to all the participating things and various advice. Most conspicuously, it interprets domain names, which people can easily memorize, to the numeric IP addresses required for the goal of apparatus and computer services world-wide. The Domain Name System is a critical part of most Internet services‘ functionality as it’s the primary directory service of the Internet.rDI免费翻墙网
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The Domain Name System spreads the duty of assigning domain names by designating authorized name servers for every domain name and mapping those names. Authorized name servers are delegated to lead to their domain names that were supported, and could delegate power over sub domains to other name servers. This mechanism supplies distributed and fault tolerant service and was made to prevent the dependence on a principal database that is single.rDI免费翻墙网
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The Domain Name System additionally defines the technical functionality which will be at its heart. It defines the DNS protocol, a comprehensive specification of data communication exchanges and the data structures used in DNS, within the Internet Protocol Suite. Historically, other directory services preceding DNS are not scalable to big or global directories as they were initially according to text files, conspicuously the HOSTS.TXT resolver. DNS continues to be in extensive use.rDI免费翻墙网
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The web keeps two principal namespaces, the domain name hierarchy[1] as well as the Internet Protocol (IP) address spaces.[2] The Domain Name System keeps the domain name hierarchy and offers translation services between it as well as the address spaces. Internet name servers and a communication protocol execute the Domain Name System.[3] A DNS name server is a server that stores the DNS records to get a website name; a DNS name server reacts with responses to queries against its database.rDI免费翻墙网
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The most frequent forms of records saved in the DNS database are those coping with a DNS zone’s ability power (SOA), IP addresses (A and AAAA), SMTP mail exchangers (MX), name servers (NS), pointers for reverse DNS lookups (PTR), and domain name aliases (CNAME). Although not meant to be a general purpose database, DNS can save records for other kinds of data for either automatic machine lookups for things or for human queries like responsible individual (RP) records. To get an entire listing of DNS record types, start to see the set of DNS record types. DNS has additionally seen use in fighting unsolicited e-mail (junk) by employing a realtime blackhole list saved in a DNS database. For general purpose uses or whether for Internet naming, the DNS database is kept in a zone file that was ordered.rDI免费翻墙网
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FunctionrDI免费翻墙网
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An often-used analogy to spell out the Domain Name System is the fact that it functions as the telephone book by interpreting individual-friendly computer hostnames. As an example , the domain name www.example.com translates to the addresses 93.184.216.119 (IPv4) and 2606:2800:220:6d:26bf:1447:1097:aa7 (IPv6). Unlike a phone book, the DNS could be instantly upgraded, enabling the place on the network to alter without changing the end users, who continue to make use of the exact same host name of a service. Users benefit from this when they use significant Uniform Resource Locators (URLs), without needing to understand how the services are really located by the computer and e-mail addresses.rDI免费翻墙网
HistoryrDI免费翻墙网
rDI免费翻墙网
Using a more straightforward, more memorable name in place of the numeric address of a host goes back to the ARPANET age. The Stanford Research Institute (now SRI International) kept a text file named HOSTS.TXT that mapped host names to the numeric addresses of computers on the ARPANET. Host operators got copies of the master file.[4][5] The rapid growth of the emerging network needed an automated system for keeping the host names and addresses.rDI免费翻墙网
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The Domain Name System was designed by Paul Mockapetris in 1983 in the University of California, Irvine, and composed the initial execution from UCLA in the request. The Internet Engineering Task Force released the first specifications in RFC 882 and RFC 883 in November 1983, for naming Internet hosts, that have stayed the standard.[citation needed]rDI免费翻墙网
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In 1984, four UC Berkeley pupils–Douglas Terry, Mark Painter, David Riggle, and Songnian Zhou–wrote the initial Unix name server execution, called the Berkeley Internet Name Domain (BIND) Server.[6] In 1985, Kevin Dunlap of DEC significantly revised the DNS implementation. Mike Karels, Phil Almquist, and Paul Vixie have maintained BIND since then.[7] BIND was ported to the Windows NT platform in the early 1990s. BIND was widely distributed, particularly and is the most commonly used DNS applications online.[7]rDI免费翻墙网
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In November 1987, RFC 1034[1] and RFC 1035[3] superseded the 1983 DNS specifications. Several added Request for Opinions have proposed extensions to the central DNS protocols.rDI免费翻墙网
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Security problemsrDI免费翻墙网
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Initially, security concerns are not important design factors for DNS software or some applications for deployment on the Internet that is first, as the network had not been open for involvement from the public. But the growth of the world wide web to the commercial sector altered the conditions for security measures.rDI免费翻墙网
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Malicious users found and used several susceptibility problems. One problem is DNS cache poisoning, where data is dispersed to caching resolvers under the pretense of being a source server that is important, thus polluting the data store with long expiration times and possibly bogus information (time to live). Later, valid program requests could be redirected to network hosts controlled with malicious purpose.rDI免费翻墙网
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DNS answers are not signed, leading to many strike possibilities; the Domain Name System Security Extensions (DNSSEC) change DNS to include support for answers that are signed. DNSCurve continues to be suggested instead to DNSSEC. Other extensions, for example TSIG, add support for cryptographic authentication between peers that are trusted and can be used to authorize dynamic update operations or zone transport.rDI免费翻墙网
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Some domain names can be utilized to attain effects that were spoofing. As an example, paypal.com and paypa1.com are different names, yet users might not be able differentiate them in a graphical user interface according to an individual ’s preferred typeface. In several fonts the numeral 1 as well as the letter l appear even indistinguishable or quite similar. This issue is critical in systems that support internationalized domain names, since many character codes may seem indistinguishable on computer screens that are typical. This susceptibility is sometimes used [19]rDI免费翻墙网
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Techniques including forward-confirmed reverse DNS may also be utilized to validate DNS results.rDI免费翻墙网
Domain name registrationrDI免费翻墙网
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The privilege to make use of a site name is delegated by domain name registrars which are accredited by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) or other organizations like OpenNIC, which are charged with supervising number systems and the name of the world wide web. As well as ICANN, each top-level domain (TLD) serviced and is kept by an administrative organization, running a registry. There is a registry responsible for keeping the database of names registered within the TLD it manages. The registry releases the advice using the WHOIS protocol a particular service, and receives enrollment information from every domain name registrar authorized to assign names in the accompanying TLD.rDI免费翻墙网
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ICANN releases the entire list of domain name registrars and TLD registries. Registrant advice related to domain names is kept in a web-based database reachable with the WHOIS service. For most of the more than 290 country code top-level domains (ccTLDs), the domain registries keep the WHOIS (Registrant, name servers, expiration dates, etc.) advice. For example, DENIC, Germany NIC, holds the DE domain name data. Since about 2001, most gTLD (Generic top-level domain) registries have embraced this so called thick registry strategy, i.e. keeping the WHOIS data in essential registries instead of registrar databases.rDI免费翻墙网
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For NET domain names and COM, there is a thin registry version used. The domain registry (e.g., VeriSign) holds essential WHOIS data (i.e., registrar and name servers, etc.) You can discover the detailed WHOIS (registrant, name servers, expiry dates, etc.) at the registrars.rDI免费翻墙网
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Some domain name registries, frequently called network information centres (NIC), additionally function to end users as registrars. The leading generic top-level domain registries, for example for the domains COM, NET, ORG, INFORMATION, make use of a registry-registrar model comprising many domain name registrars.[20][21] In this approach to control, the registry simply handles the domain name database as well as the relationship with all the registrars. The registrants (users) are customers in certain situations through added levels of resellers.rDI免费翻墙网
来自http://www.bestdns.org/rDI免费翻墙网
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